Delays in updating the virtual scene after the user’s head/camera movements can cause the position of virtual objects on the display to lag behind their real-world counterparts, resulting in “swimming” and misregistration. These effects might have a significant negative impact on the effectiveness of AR training, since trainees need to perceive both the real-world and the virtual objects as part of one coherent environment.Īlthough there are various factors that influence the quality of AR registration, latency is perhaps the most prominent ( Lee, 2012). Accurate registration is one of the features that determines the quality and effectiveness of AR, since misregistration breaks the illusion that virtual objects are part of the physical world and hinders perception of spatial relationships between real and virtual objects. The relative results hold up with increased overall latency.Īugmented reality (AR) systems, including those used for training applications, offer a natural, first-person view of real-world imagery, enhanced by virtual objects and annotations that are, ideally, registered or fixed with respect to the real-world ( Azuma, 1997). Unequal levels of latency led to reduction in performance, even when overall latency levels were lower compared to the matched case. Our findings indicate that users are able to perform significantly better when virtual and real-world latencies are matched (as in the case of simulated video see-through AR with perfect augmentation-to-real-world registration). We utilized a representative task inspired by outdoor AR military training systems to compare various AR system configurations, including optical see-through and video see-through setups with both matched and unmatched levels of real and virtual objects latency. The real and augmented portions of the AR training scenarios are simulated in VR, affording us detailed control over a variety of immersion parameters and the ability to explore the effects of different types of simulated latency. We utilize an AR simulation approach, in which an outdoor AR training task is simulated in a high-fidelity virtual reality (VR) system. In this research, we present a controlled study that aims at a deeper understanding of the effects of latency on virtual and real-world imagery and its influences on task performance in an AR training task. End-to-end system latency severely impacts the quality of AR registration. Accurate registration of virtual objects is a key requirement for an effective and natural AR system, but misregistration can break the illusion of virtual objects being part of the real-world and disrupt immersion. In augmented reality (AR), virtual objects and information are overlaid onto the user’s view of the physical world and can appear to become part of the real-world. 3Four Eyes Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.2Walt Disney Imagineering R&D, Glendale, CA, USA.1Center for Human-Computer Interaction, Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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